# Petro Shine > The Place for Oil and Gas Professionals. ## Posts - [Seismic Interpretation | What is seismic interpretation?](https://petroshine.com/introduction-to-seismic-interpretation/): Seismic Interpretation is the extraction of subsurface geologic information from seismic data. On that definition we all are agreed. However, if we seek a more penetrating explanation, we find practitioners get tongue-tied and talk around the subject in a variety of ways. - [Seismic Methods](https://petroshine.com/seismic-methods/): Seismic methods are based on the study of elastic wave propagation inside the earth. These waves are generated by explosions on the earth's surface (in seismic exploration), or by seismic sources in the earth's crust (in seismology). - [Petroleum Geophysics Overview](https://petroshine.com/petroleum-geophysics-overview/): Learning Objectives After completing this topic “Petroleum Geophysics“, you will be able to: History of Petroleum Geophysics Only in the 19th century did geophysics develop as a distinct field from the junction of physical geography, geology, astronomy, meteorology, and physics. Many geophysical phenomena, such as the Earth’s magnetic field and earthquakes, have, nevertheless, been studied … - [Stratigraphic Basin Analysis Models](https://petroshine.com/stratigraphic-basin-analysis-models/): The primary purpose of stratigraphic modeling in sedimentary basins is to predict the distribution of siliciclastic and carbonate lithologies. This is especially important .... - [Mathematical Basin Analysis Models](https://petroshine.com/mathematical-basin-analysis-models/): Mathematical basin analysis models are mathematical representations of physical processes that occur in sedimentary basins. These models are used to simulate the behavior of sedimentary systems, including the transport, deposition, and erosion of sediment, and to predict the distribution and character of sedimentary rocks. Introduction To Mathematical Basin Analysis Models Tissot (1984) cites the development … - [Basin Histories and Properties](https://petroshine.com/basin-histories-and-properties/): Basin histories and properties are the geological characteristics and evolutionary processes that shape sedimentary basins. Understanding the history and properties of a basin is important for predicting the distribution and quality of hydrocarbon reservoirs and for developing exploration and production strategies. Time and Events in Basin History Even though it is often incomplete and difficult … - [Prospect Generation](https://petroshine.com/prospect-generation/): There are two general exploration situations that influence prospect generation. The first situation involves frontier, or less mature basins, where the presence of hydrocarbons ... - [Sedimentary Basin Models](https://petroshine.com/sedimentary-basin-models/): Stratigraphy now incorporates many topics normally assigned to other subdisciplines within the earth sciences, and we are in the midst of an evolution of stratigraphic analysis termed quantitative dynamic stratigraphy. In quantitative dynamic stratigraphy (QDS) ... - [Maturation Processes](https://petroshine.com/maturation-processes/): Maturation processes refer to the natural physical and chemical changes that occur in organic matter over time as it is buried deeper and subjected to higher temperatures and pressures. These processes are important in petroleum geology because they can lead to the formation of hydrocarbons (oil and gas) from organic-rich source rocks. Kerogen Maturation Let’s … - [Source Rocks: The Origin of Petroleum](https://petroshine.com/source-rocks/): Source rocks are rocks that contain sufficient organic material to create hydrocarbons when subjected to heat and pressure over time. Source rocks ... - [Geodynamic Models](https://petroshine.com/geodynamic-models/): Geodynamic models are process/response models that estimate subsidence and heat flow histories of basins. We use these models to estimate values, like maturation levels or ... - [Basin Formation Processes](https://petroshine.com/basin-formation-processes/): Sedimentary basins form in response to tectonic processes, such as heating events and tectonic loading. These processes control the temporal and spatial evolution of subsidence. Changes in the shape of the basin as ... - [Basin Analysis and Petroleum Analysis](https://petroshine.com/basin-analysis-petroleum-analysis/): As we explore for hydrocarbons we must ask ourselves many questions: Are hydrocarbon source rocks present? When were hydrocarbons generated? - [Deepwater Projects And Environments](https://petroshine.com/deepwater-projects-and-environments/): Overview In the 1970s, when the term “deepwater” first came into common use, only the most farsighted observers could have envisioned where the industry would be within three decades. Vessels rated for drilling in up to 12,000 of water to total depths of 40,000 feet, GPS-based station keeping, sophisticated wellhead and well control systems, ROVs … - [Artificial Intelligence in Petrophysics: Transforming Subsurface Evaluation](https://petroshine.com/artificial-intelligence-in-petrophysics/): Introduction Artificial intelligence (AI) is no longer just a buzzword in the tech world — it’s a transformative tool making its way into every corner of the oil and gas industry. One of the most promising fields seeing rapid change is petrophysics. With increasing demand for faster and more accurate reservoir evaluation, petrophysicists are now … - [Determining Density of Oil and Water Mixture: A Comprehensive Guide](https://petroshine.com/density-oil-water-mixture/): To calculate the density of a mixture consisting of oil and water, we can use the following formula:(V1)(D1) + (V2)(D2) = (V1 + V2)DF - [Techlog Software Effortless Data Analysis](https://petroshine.com/techlog/): Enhance your data analysis capabilities with Techlog software, revolutionizing the way you interpret tech data. - [Fluid Saturation](https://petroshine.com/fluid-saturation/): Learning Objectives After completing this topic “Fluid Saturation”, you will be able to: Introduction to Fluid Saturation The estimation of the fluid saturations in a conventional resource reservoir has a number of significant applications, two of the most important being to determine the volumetric estimates of the initial hydrocarbons in place and to predict the … - [Lithology Identification From Well Logs](https://petroshine.com/lithology/): After completing this course "Lithology Identification From Well Logs", you will be able to: Use spontaneous potential (SP) logs ... - [Porosity | What is porosity in well logging?](https://petroshine.com/porosity/): Porosity | What is porosity in well logging? After completing this course "Porosity", you will be able to: - [Shale Content | Shale Content and Petrophysical Evaluation](https://petroshine.com/shale-content/): After completing this course "Shale Content", you will be able to: Summarize the process for interpreting well logs in … - [Quick-Look Interpretation](https://petroshine.com/quick-look-interpretation/): Learning Objectives After completing this course “Quick-look Interpretation“, you will be able to: Introduction to Quick-Look Interpretation Quick-look well log analysis comprises a number of techniques for interpreting logging while drilling (LWD) and wireline well log data speedily, to determine the formation’s lithology, porosity, shale content and fluid saturation. These methods are widely used by … - [Eolian Environments | Eolian Environment in Petroleum Geology?](https://petroshine.com/eolian-environments/): Eolian Environments: Most of the earth's desert regions are in a state of approximate depositional equilibrium, where sedimentation and ... - [3-D Structural Interpretation - Earth, Mind, and Machine](https://petroshine.com/3-d-structural-interpretation/): 3-D Structural Interpretation : Three-dimensional geologic interpretation of surface and subsurface data requires integration and ... - [The Beauty of Geology](https://petroshine.com/beauty-of-geology/): Description The Beauty of Geology contains a collection of rare geologic maps and figures made by Chinese geologists in the last century. Preserved in National Geological Archives of China, these artworks demonstrate the development and innovation of geological mapping technology in China in the past 100 years. The collections are highly scientific and artistic, with … - [Elements of Petroleum Geology](https://petroshine.com/elements-of-petroleum-geology/): This Third Edition of Elements of Petroleum Geology is completely updated and revised to reflect the vast changes in the field since pub ... - [Petroleum Reservoir Modeling and Simulation: Geology, Geostatistics, and Performance Prediction](https://petroshine.com/petroleum-reservoir-modeling/): Petroleum Reservoir Modeling and Simulation : This practical resource lays out the tools and techniques necessary to successfully construct petroleum reservoir models of all types and sizes. - [Meandering Channel Alluvial Systems](https://petroshine.com/meandering-channel-alluvial-systems/): Introduction A meandering Channel or stream has a single channel that winds snakelike through its valley, so that the distance ‘as the stream flows’ is greater than ‘as the crow flies. ‘ As water flows around these curves, the outer edge of water is moving faster than the inner. With greater distance from the sediment source … - [Braided Stream Environments](https://petroshine.com/braided-stream/): Braided stream: Many present-day alluvial fans grade laterally into the alluvial plain of a braided river; that is ... - [Alluvial Fan Environments](https://petroshine.com/alluvial-fans/): Alluvial fans represent an environment of sudden transition, where narrow, steep mountain or upland valleys disgorge sediment onto ... - [Classification of Nonmarine Sandstones](https://petroshine.com/classification-nonmarine-sandstones/): Usually, there are no quick and easy methods that distinguish nonmarine from marine rocks. A few general rules of ... - [Bottomhole Assembly Tools](https://petroshine.com/bottomhole-assembly-tools/): Bottomhole Assembly (BHA) Components consist of varying tool types from: Stabilizers Stabilizers, by centralizing the drill string at selected points in the borehole, perform these important functions: The type and placement of stabilizers in the drill string depends on local drilling conditions and well objectives. In areas with a tendency toward crooked drilling, the stabilizer(s) … - [What is a Drill Collar?](https://petroshine.com/drill-collar/): A drill collar is a device used at the lowest part of a drill string, an important part of the bottom hole assembly (BHA). It is always a ... - [Drill Pipe](https://petroshine.com/drill-pipe/): Dimensions and Strengths Like other oilfield tubulars, drill pipe comes in a variety of lengths, diameters, weights and grades of steel. Drill pipe is also specified according to its upset (the type of end section provided for weld-on connections or tool joints). Factors that influence drill pipe selection include: The American Petroleum Institute has established standards for drill … - [Kelly The Key to Efficient Operations](https://petroshine.com/kelly/): The kelly is a primary link between the drilling rig's surface equipment and the bit, and is therefore a critical component of the ... - [Drill String Design | Drill String Overview](https://petroshine.com/drill-string-overview/): A well-designed drill string is instrumental in optimizing penetration rates, controlling wellbore deviation, maintaining an "in gauge" ... - [Drill String and Bit Considerations in Deviated Wells](https://petroshine.com/drill-string-and-bit-in-deviated-wells/): Drill String Design As inclination angle increases in a directional or horizontal well, the borehole walls support more of the drill string weight. This contact, along with the capstan effect (the normal force caused by the deformation of an axially loaded member about some obstacle), results in frictional forces that oppose the drill string’s rotation and axial … - [Underbalanced Drilling in Directional Wells](https://petroshine.com/underbalanced-drilling-in-directional-wells/): Drilling Directional Wells Underbalanced The main justifications for drilling a directional well underbalanced are to (1) reduce drilling costs, and/or (2) improve productivity. The combination of horizontal/multilateral and UBD technology is a relatively new one, and which has been explored more in international fields (especially the Middle East), than in the United States. Favorable conditions … - [Drilling Hydraulics in Deviated Wells](https://petroshine.com/drilling-hydraulics-in-deviated-wells/): One of a drilling fluid's primary functions is to remove drilled cuttings and transport them to the surface-in other words, to clean the hole. The term carrying capacity ... - [Horizontal Drilling | What is a horizontal drilling?](https://petroshine.com/horizontal-drilling/): Horizontal drilling is the process of directing part of a well course through a reservoir such that its inclination angle is approximately 90° from vertical. - [Directional Drilling Tools and Techniques](https://petroshine.com/directional-drilling-tools-and-techniques/): Directional Drilling Tools and Techniques: The planning, equipment and procedures involved in drilling non-directional wells also apply ... - [Wellbore Deviation | Deviation in Vertical Wells](https://petroshine.com/wellbore-deviation/): the exact causes of wellbore deviation are unknown, we can list the following as contributing factors: • Formation type ( lithology, ... - [Directional Drilling Overview](https://petroshine.com/directional-drilling/): Directional drilling is the practice of accessing an underground oil or gas reserve by drilling in a non-vertical direction. Directional... - [Cement Evaluation | Cement Evaluation Well Logging: Assessing Cement Integrity in Oil and Gas Wells](https://petroshine.com/cement-evaluation/): After completing this topic "Cement Evaluation", you will be able to: • Summarize methods for evaluating quality of a cement bond. - [Plug Cementing | What is Plug Cementing?](https://petroshine.com/plug-cementing/): After completing this topic "Plug Cementing", you will be able to: • Define plug cementing and associated terms... - [Squeeze Cementing | What is Squeeze Cementing?](https://petroshine.com/squeeze-cementing/): After completing this topic “Squeeze Cementing", you will be able to: • List the reasons for squeeze cementing. - [Primary Cementing | What is primary cementing?](https://petroshine.com/primary-cementing/): After completing this topic "Primary Cementing", you will be able to: - Define primary cementing and associated terms. - [Cementing Equipment](https://petroshine.com/cementing-equipment/): After completing this topic "Cementing Equipment", you will be able to: - Identify the equipment used for storage and transport of ... - [Cement Slurry Flow Properties and Mud Displacement](https://petroshine.com/cement-job-slurry-flow-properties/): After completing this topic " Cement job | Cement Slurry Flow Properties and Mud Displacement", you will be able to: - [Cement Testing Procedures](https://petroshine.com/cement-testing-procedures/): After completing this topic "Cement Testing Procedures", you will be able to: - Describe the basic properties of oil well cements. - [Cement Additives in Drilling](https://petroshine.com/cement-additives-in-drilling/): Learning Objectives After completing this topic “Cement Additives in Drilling“, you will be able to: List the key cement properties that are modified by additives. List the common categories of additives used in cementing operations. Summarize the functions and application of the common additives. Introduction “Neat” cement – that is, cement containing no additives – … - [Chemistry and Classification of Oil well Cements](https://petroshine.com/chemistry-classification-oil-well-cements/): Learning Objectives After completing this topic “Chemistry and Classification of Oil well Cements“, you will be able to: List API cement classes and their application. Describe the mixing quantities and procedures for various classes of cement and how they relate to cement job planning and execution. Introduction Cement used in oil and gas well cementing … - [Introduction to Well Cementing](https://petroshine.com/well-cementing/): After completing this topic "Well Cementing", you will be able to: - Describe the evolution of cementing methods and the role of ... - [Paraffins and Asphaltenes](https://petroshine.com/paraffins-and-asphaltenes/): Paraffins are organic deposits caused by changing wellbore conditions that upset the chemical equilibrium so that various materials in ... - [Wellbore Cleanout and Scale Removal](https://petroshine.com/wellbore-cleanout-scale-removal/): After completing this topic “Wellbore Cleanout and Scale Removal“, you will be able answer to: - Wellbore cleanout and scale removal ... - [Diverting Materials in Acidizing](https://petroshine.com/diverting-materials-in-acidizing/): Diverting can be achieved completions like openhole zones, gravel-packed zones, and perforations by varying the diverting material size ... - [Fracture Acidizing | What is the fracture acidizing process?](https://petroshine.com/fracture-acidizing/): Fracture acidizing is a process in which acid is injected at a high enough rate and pressure to fracture the formation. It usually ... - [Matrix Acidizing](https://petroshine.com/matrix-acidizing/): Matrix Acidizing: This type of acidizing treatment is designed to remove skin damage that extends beyond the immediate surface of the ... - [Additives in Acidizing Fluids](https://petroshine.com/additives-in-acidizing-fluids/): The principal additives to acidizing fluids are corrosion inhibitors. A corrosion inhibitor is a chemical that slows acid corrosion on ... - [Shale Volume - Larionov Tertiary Rocks](https://petroshine.com/shale-volume-larionov/): The Larionov (1969) equation for Cenozoic rocks (or previously know as tertiary rocks) for the calculation of shale volumen is the following: Enter the value of the IGR to get the shale volume: Recommended for You Shale Volume – Larionov (1969) Old Rocks Gamma Ray Index - [Shale Volume - Larionov Old Rocks](https://petroshine.com/shale-volume-larionov-old-rocks/): Shale volume refers to the proportion of shale, which is a fine-grained sedimentary rock, present in a given formation. It is an important parameter in the study of subsurface geology, as it affects the rock’s ability to store and transmit fluids such as oil and gas. The Larionov method is an old but still widely … - [Gamma Ray Index](https://petroshine.com/gamma-ray-index/): Where:IGR= gamma ray index (dec)GR (log)= gamma ray reading of formation (API)GR (min)= minimum gamma ray (clean sand or carbonate) (API)GR (max)= maximum gamma ray (shale) (API) Recommended for You Shale Volume – Larionov (1969) Old Rocks - [Introduction to Acidizing](https://petroshine.com/acidizing/): Acidizing is a chemical process that dissolves unwanted substances in the formation, pipe, surface equipment, or flow-lines ... - [Log Analysis of Low Resistivity and Low Contrast Pays](https://petroshine.com/log-analysis-of-low-resistivity/): Learning Objectives After completing this topic “Log Analysis of Low Resistivity and Low Contrast Pays“, you will be able to: By completing this topic and then applying the learnings in your job, you will be able to attain Basic Application Competence Level in low resistivity and low contrast pay well log interpretation. The Archie Equation … - [Logging Tools For Evaluating Low Resistivity And Low Contrast Pay](https://petroshine.com/logging-tools-low-resistivity-and-low-contrast-pay/): - Describe the limitations of the basic, conventional logging tools for evaluating low resistivity and low contrast pay. - Be conversant with specialized logging tools used for evaluating low resistivity and low contrast pay. - [Formation Anisotropy](https://petroshine.com/formation-anisotropy/): Formation Anisotropy: A formation is considered to be anisotropic when the magnitude of a vector measurement of a given property changes with - [Cation Exchange Capacity and Irreducible Water Saturation](https://petroshine.com/cation-exchange-capacity/): Cation Exchange Capacity and Irreducible Water Saturation: after completing this topic, you will be able to: - Define cation exchange capacity (CEC). - Summarize how the properties of clays affect the CEC. - [Clays, Shales and Non-Clay Contributors to Low Resistivity](https://petroshine.com/clays-and-non-clay-contributors-to-low-resistivity/): After completing this course, you will be able to: - Define clays and shales. - Describe how clays are classified... - [Historical and Geological Perspective of Low Resistivity and Low Contrast Pay](https://petroshine.com/low-resistivity-and-low-contrast-pay/): Learning Objectives After completing this topic “Low Resistivity and Low Contrast Pay“, you will be able to: Introduction to Low Resistivity and Low Contrast Pay Interpretation It is frequently claimed that, even using the latest technologies and interpretation techniques, most of the easier to find and easier to bring onto production petroleum plays have already … - [Gamma Ray Logs](https://petroshine.com/gamma-ray-logs/): Learning and Competence Level Objectives After completing this topic “Gamma Ray Logs”, you will be able to: By completing this topic and then applying the learnings in your job, you will be able to attain Basic Application Competence Level (Competence Level 2) in Gamma Ray Logging Tools and Well Logs. Introduction to Gamma Ray Logs … - [Case Studies Underbalanced Drilling](https://petroshine.com/underbalanced-drilling-case-studies/): Underbalanced Drilling using Coiled Tubing Drilling Scenario An operator in the Michigan Basin of the United States desired to deepen a well producing from a Niagaran Reef carbonate reservoir. Conventional drilling techniques were not previously successful, because of the overpressure conditions present in this interval. The feasibility study performed by the service company determined that … - [Underbalanced Drilling: General Issues](https://petroshine.com/underbalanced-drilling-issues/): Coiled Tubing for Underbalanced Drilling Coiled tubing is ideally suited for drilling underbalanced. The continuous nature of the coiled tubing string and the exclusive use of a mud motor for drilling provides several advantages over conventional jointed pipe drilling for underbalanced applications: Drilling with a mud motor prevents the formation of key seats, thus eliminating … - [Snub Drilling](https://petroshine.com/snub-drilling/): Snub Drilling Overview If very high formation pressures and uncontrollable loss of circulation are expected during underbalanced drilling, use of a snubbing or a coiled tubing (CT) unit may be necessary. This type of underbalanced drilling is known as snub drilling. Snub drilling should be considered for wells with: Very high annular surface pressure Vertical fractures … - [Flow Drilling](https://petroshine.com/flow-drilling/): Flow drilling was first developed for the Austin chalk reservoirs in Texas. Underbalanced conditions are created using - [Gasified Liquids](https://petroshine.com/gasified-liquids/): Gasified liquids, which are used for underbalanced drilling applications, generally do not contain surfactants. Bottomhole pressures are ... - [Stiff Foam Drilling](https://petroshine.com/stiff-foam/): Stiff Foam Drilling Overview Stiff foam is a more viscous and stable form of foam that can be generated using surfactants alone. The reduction in horsepower requirements and low water consumption make the stiff foam a more economical option compared to other drilling fluids. In general, stiff foam drilling involves similar equipment and procedures to … - [Foam Drilling | What is Foam Drilling?](https://petroshine.com/foam-drilling/): Foam drilling is a drilling technique that involves the use of a polymer foaming agent, water, and compressed air. In certain areas, it’s more effective than mud drilling, and it generally results in more efficient spoil disposal. Trenchless operators have access to a variety of drilling techniques. Foam Drilling Overview Foam is composed of a … - [Mist Drilling](https://petroshine.com/mist-drilling/): Mist drilling is used if only modest amounts of water inflow are experienced during air drilling. A small amount of water is injected into ... - [Natural Gas Drilling](https://petroshine.com/natural-gas-drilling/): Natural gas drilling, like nitrogen, can be used in lieu of dry air to reduce the risk of downhole fires. However, as it is released to the ... - [Nitrogen Drilling](https://petroshine.com/nitrogen-drilling/): Nitrogen may be used in place of air drilling in underbalanced drilling operations. Its major advantage is that mixtures of nitrogen and ... - [Prospect Model in Petroleum Geology](https://petroshine.com/prospect-model/): In the ever-evolving field of petroleum geology, understanding the prospect model is crucial for unlocking the secrets of resource ... - [Dry Air Drilling](https://petroshine.com/dry-air-drilling/): Dry Air Drilling Overview Dry air drilling is an old underbalanced drilling technique used primarily in environmentally sensitive areas to prevent formation contamination. A basic air drilling surface setup is shown in Figure 1. However, effective hole cleaning is a problem with standard air drilling. The drag force on the cuttings has to be large enough … - [Introduction to Underbalanced Drilling](https://petroshine.com/introduction-to-underbalanced-drilling/): This topic covers the underbalanced drilling method, which is defined as the practice of drilling a well with the wellbore fluid gradient less than the natural formation gradient. Besides minimizing lost circulation and increasing the penetration rate, this technique has a widely recognized benefit of minimizing the damage caused by invasion of drilling fluid into … - [Hydraulic Fracturing Fluids The Ultimate Guide](https://petroshine.com/hydraulic-fracturing-fluids/): Learning Objectives: After completing this topic “Hydraulic Fracturing Fluids”, you will be able to: - List the functions performed by ... - [Hydraulic Fracturing Fundamentals](https://petroshine.com/hydraulic-fracturing-fundamentals/): Hydraulic fracturing is a type of well stimulation treatment designed to bypass near-wellbore formation damage and create an improved ... - [Applications of Geomechanics | What is the use of geomechanics?](https://petroshine.com/applications-of-geomechanics/): Applications of Geomechanics After completing this topic, you will be able to: - Relate geomechanical concepts to drilling applications... - [Mechanical Earth Model | What is a mechanical earth model?](https://petroshine.com/mechanical-earth-model/): Discover the Mind-Blowing Mechanical Earth Model That Will Revolutionize Your Understanding! Prepare to be Amazed! - [Earth Stress | What is Earth stress?](https://petroshine.com/earth-stress/): After completing this topic, you will be able to: - Define the different reference states of stress. - Differentiate contemporary stress from paleo stress. - [Rock Mechanical Properties](https://petroshine.com/rock-mechanical-properties/): After completing this topic, you will be able to: - Explain the differences between intrinsic, extrinsic, and physical properties of rocks. - Compare and contrast static versus dynamic elastic properties derived during laboratory testing. - [Rock Deformation](https://petroshine.com/rock-deformation/): After completing this topic, you will be able to: - Compare and contrast the different elastic-plastic processes. - Compare and contrast the different elastic-plastic processes.... - [Fundamental Concepts of Reservoir Geomechanics](https://petroshine.com/fundamental-concepts-of-geomechanics/): After completing this topic, you will be able to: - Describe the basics of geomechanics as it relates to the subsurface. - Describe how earth stress and other mechanical rock properties are used for geomechanical modeling. - [The Principles of Geosteering | Geosteering Best Practices](https://petroshine.com/principles-of-geosteering/): In this topic, we present a brief list of principles to guide you through planning your GeoSteering project and in .... - [Case Study of Geosteering](https://petroshine.com/case-study-geosteering/): The Honeoye Storage Corporation (HSC) operates a gas storage facility in Ontario County, New York, about 40 miles south of Rochester ... - [Geosteering Practices](https://petroshine.com/geosteering-practices/): Four critical factors must be determined to steer a well accurately. We will describe each factor below... - [Preparing the Geosteering Plan](https://petroshine.com/preparing-the-geosteering-plan/): No Geosteering Team can steer a horizontal, or high-angle extended-reach wellbore without first preparing a geosteering plan from surface to kick-off point ... - [Drilling Measurements and Logging Tools in Geosteering](https://petroshine.com/drilling-measurements-and-logging-tools/): Horizontal drilling technology has come a long way since the mid-1980’s. With the advent of Measurement While Drilling (MWD) and Logging While Drilling (LWD) tools in ... - [Directional Drilling: The Driving Force in Geosteering](https://petroshine.com/directional-drilling-the-driving-force-in-geosteering/): GeoSteering is the application of geologic and engineering skill to direct a horizontal or extended-reach wellbore path, based upon knowledge of ... - [Flow Rate Determination in the Wellbore](https://petroshine.com/flow-rate-determination-in-the-wellbore/): The tools used to quantitatively evaluate flow volumes downhole are the radioactive tracer/gamma ray and the flowmeter. The radioactive techniques are used mostly ... - [Production Logging of Multiphase Flow in Horizontal Wells](https://petroshine.com/production-logging-in-horizontal-wells/): Welcome to this topic on Production Logging of Multiphase Flow in Horizontal Wells. In this topic, we will describe : Differences between multiphase flow in horizontal and ... - [Reservoir Fluid Flow and Natural Drive Mechanisms](https://petroshine.com/reservoir-fluid-flow-natural-drive-mechanisms/): In oil reservoirs solution gas drive takes place when the reservoir pressure drops below the bubble point of the reservoir fluid and gas is liberated from the oil. The expanding volume of liberated gas helps to ... - [Reservoir Engineering | Basic Concepts in Reservoir Engineering](https://petroshine.com/basic-concepts-in-reservoir-engineering/): Reservoir engineering seeks to economically optimize the development and production of hydrocarbon reservoirs. This requires answers to three questions: - [Special Core Analysis (SCAL)](https://petroshine.com/special-core-analysis-scal/): Learning Objectives After completing this topic “Special Core Analysis“, you will be able to: Introduction Special core analysis, commonly abbreviated to “SCAL,” includes laboratory procedures and analyses conducted on core plugs cut from an interval of full diameter core acquired from hydrocarbon reservoir rocks (Figure 1). Special core analysis is distinguished from routine, or conventional, … - [Core Reports | What is a core report?](https://petroshine.com/core-reports/): Historically, core analysis reports tended to consist only of some data tabulations, together with a brief cover letter. - [Complementary Core Information](https://petroshine.com/complementary-core-information/): Describe the different types of data and core information obtained as a complement to routine, special core analysis (SCAL) and the standard core description ... - [Core Description](https://petroshine.com/core-description/): After the core arrives at the laboratory, a detailed core description can be made in optimal working conditions. The description includes: The reservoir rock type ... - [Fluid Saturation Determination](https://petroshine.com/fluid-saturation-determination/): The pore spaces in rocks which form oil and gas reservoirs are always completely saturated with fluids. There are never any void spaces within the pores ... - [Permeability Measurement](https://petroshine.com/permeability-measurement/): Learning Objectives After completing this topic “Permeability Measurement“, you will be able to: Introduction to Formation Permeability and its Measurement in the Laboratory Permeability is the measurement of a rock’s ability to transmit fluids a critical property of reservoir rocks (Figure 1). The primary permeability unit is the “Darcy,” after the French engineer Henry Darcy … - [Porosity Measurement | What is porosity and how is it measured?](https://petroshine.com/porosity-measurement/): Porosity is the volumetric void space within rocks, being that space not occupied by solid rock material. Porosity is thus a measure of a reservoir's storage .... - [Core Sample Preparation](https://petroshine.com/core-sample-preparation/): The analysis of rock cores (Figure 1) plays a major role in helping geoscientists and reservoir engineers to determine a reservoir’s hydrocarbon storage capacity and ... - [Introduction to Core Analysis](https://petroshine.com/introduction-to-core-analysis/): Cores are direct samples from the reservoir rocks that can be tested, analyzed, and viewed by the researcher. A core analysis project starts from the coring plan ... - [Interpretation with Seismic Attributes](https://petroshine.com/interpretation-with-seismic-attributes/): Learning Objectives After completing this topic “Interpretation with Seismic Attributes”, you will be able to: Introduction To Interpretation with Seismic Attributes As described by Taner (2001), “Seismic attributes are all the information obtained from seismic data, either by direct measurements or by logical or experience based reasoning.” Attributes extend the study of seismic data from … - [Seismic Interpretation Methods](https://petroshine.com/seismic-interpretation-methods/): Learning Objectives After completing this topic ” Seismic Interpretation Methods “, you will be able to: Seismic interpretation is the process of analyzing seismic data to understand the geology and structure of the subsurface. It is an essential step in the exploration and production of hydrocarbon reserves. The process of seismic interpretation involves the use … - [Seismic Stratigraphy](https://petroshine.com/seismic-stratigraphy/): Learning Objectives After completing this topic “Seismic Stratigraphy“, you will be able to: Introduction to Seismic Stratigraphy Seismic stratigraphy is a technique for interpreting stratigraphy (the order and relative position of strata and their relationship to the geological time scale) using seismic data that allows for a better understanding of the tectonic and sedimentary evolution … - [Structural Interpretation](https://petroshine.com/structural-interpretation/): The initial goal of seismic structural interpretation is to determine the location of favorable traps for hydrocarbon accumulations. The first step is to determine ... ## Pages - [HomePage](https://petroshine.com/) - [Terms and Conditions](https://petroshine.com/terms-and-conditions/): Welcome to PetroShine! 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